Citation Styles for the Sciences

In-Text Citations

In the citation-name system, in-text references are cited with sequential superscript numbers, such as this1. If you are citing more than one reference within a sentence, you can use a superscript sequence of numbers, like this2,3,11-15.

Complete the list of end references for the work and then sequence them first alphabetically by author, then by title. Number the references in-text in that sequence. These numbers assigned to the end references are used for the in-text references regardless of the sequence in which they appear in the text of the work.

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Reference List

Books

Author(s). Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher; date.

Example:

Schiebinger L. Has feminism changed science? 2nd ed. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press; 1999.

Conference Papers (Online)

Author(s) of paper. Title of paper. In: Editor(s). Title of Book. Number and Name of Conference; Date of Conference; Place of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date. [Date Accessed]. Pages. URL. DOI.

Example:

Blanchette M. A comparative analysis method for detecting binding sites in coding regions. In Vingron M, Istrail S, Pevzner P, Waterman M, editors. RECOMB '03. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual International Conference on Computational Molecular Biology; 2003 Apr 10-14; Berlin, Germany. New York (NY): ACM Press; 2003. [accessed 2022 Nov 23]. p. 57-66. https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/640075.640082. doi:10.1145/640075.640082.

Conference Proceedings

Editor(s). Title of Book. Number and Name of Conference; Date of Conference; Place of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date.

Example:

Meiselwitz G, editor. SCSM 2020. Proceedings of the 12 International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media; 2020 Jul 19-24; Copenhagen, Denmark. New York (NY): ACM Press.

Dissertations and Theses

Author. Title of Dissertation or Thesis [Content Designator]. [Place of Publication]: Publisher; Date.

Example:

Litz M. Impacts and dispersal of invasive species [dissertation]. [Columbia (SC)]: University of South Carolina; 2012.

Journal Articles (Online)

Author(s). Title of Article. Abbreviated Journal Title. Date. [Date Accessed];Volume(Issue):Pages. URL. DOI.

Example:

Savage E, Ramsay M, White J, Beard S, Lawson H, Hunjan R, Brown D. Mumps outbreaks across England and Wales in 2004: observational study. BJM. 2005. [accessed 2017 Jan 3];330(7500):1119-1120. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/330/7500/1119. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7500.1119.

Journal Articles (Print)

Author(s). Title of Article. Abbreviated Journal Title. Date;Volume(Issue):Pages.

Example:

Park SU, Park NI, Kim YK, Suh SY, Eom SH, Lee SY. Application of plant biotechnology in the medicinal plant, Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz. J Med Plant Res. 2009;3(13):1258-1263.

Journal Articles with More than 10 Authors (Print)

First 10 authors' last names, et al. Title of Article. Abbreviated Journal Title. Date;Volume(Issue):Page numbers.

Example:

Pizzi C, Caraglia M, Cianciulli M, Fabbrocini A, Libroia A, Matano E, Contegiacomo A, Del Prete S, Abbruzzese A, Martignetti A, et al. Low-dose recombinant IL-2 induces psychological changes: monitoring by Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Anticancer Res. 2002;22(2A):727-732.

Websites

Title of Website. Place of Publication: Publisher; [Date Updated; Date Accessed]. URL.

Example:

US Geological Survey. Washington (DC): US Department of the Interior; [updated 2022 Sep 28; accessed 2022 Dec 1]. http://www.usgs.gov.

Webpages

Author(s). Title of Website. Place of Publication: Publisher. Title of Webpage. Date. [Date Accessed]. URL.

Example:

Lavelle M. National Geographic Magazine. Washington (DC): National Geographic Society. Could dinosaurs swim? A new fossil revives an old-age debate. 2022 Nov 30. [accessed 2022 Dec 1]. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/swimming-dinosaur-new-fossil-natovenator.