Citation Styles for the Sciences

In the citation-sequence system, in-text references are cited with sequential superscript numbers, such as this1. If you are citing more than one reference within a sentence, you can use a superscript sequence of numbers, like this2,3,11-15.

Use numbers within the text to refer to the end references. Number the references and order them within the list in the sequence in which they first appear in the text. Use the same number for subsequent in-text references to the same document.

Books

Author(s). Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher; date.

Example:

Schiebinger L. Has feminism changed science? 2nd ed. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press; 1999.

Conference Paper (Online)

Author(s) of paper. Title of paper. In: Editor(s). Title of Book. Number and Name of Conference; Date of Conference; Place of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date. [Date Accessed]. Pages. URL. DOI.

Example:

Blanchette M. A comparative analysis method for detecting binding sites in coding regions. In Vingron M, Istrail S, Pevzner P, Waterman M, editors. RECOMB '03. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual International Conference on Computational Molecular Biology; 2003 Apr 10-14; Berlin, Germany. New York (NY): ACM Press; 2003. [accessed 2022 Nov 23]. p. 57-66. https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/640075.640082. doi:10.1145/640075.640082.

Conference Proceedings

Editor(s). Title of Book. Number and Name of Conference; Date of Conference; Place of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date.

Example:

Meiselwitz G, editor. SCSM 2020. Proceedings of the 12 International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media; 2020 Jul 19-24; Copenhagen, Denmark. New York (NY): ACM Press.

Dissertations and Theses

Author. Title of Dissertation or Thesis [Content Designator]. [Place of Publication]: Publisher; Date.

Example:

Litz M. Impacts and dispersal of invasive species [dissertation]. [Columbia (SC)]: University of South Carolina; 2012.

Journal Articles (Online)

Author(s). Title of Article. Abbreviated Journal Title. Date. [Date Accessed];Volume(Issue):Page numbers. URL. DOI.

Example:

Savage E, Ramsay M, White J, Beard S, Lawson H, Hunjan R, Brown D. Mumps outbreaks across England and Wales in 2004: observational study. BJM. 2005. [accessed 2017 Jan 3];330(7500):1119-1120. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/330/7500/1119. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7500.1119.

Journal Articles (Print)

Author(s). Title of Article. Abbreviated Journal Title. Date;Volume(Issue):Page numbers.

Example:

Park SU, Park NI, Kim YK, Suh SY, Eom SH, Lee SY. Application of plant biotechnology in the medicinal plant, Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz. J Med Plant Res. 2009;3(13):1258-1263.

Journal Articles with More than 10 Authors (Print)

First 10 authors' last names, et al. Title of Article. Abbreviated Journal Title. Date;Volume(Issue):Page numbers.

Example:

Pizzi C, Caraglia M, Cianciulli M, Fabbrocini A, Libroia A, Matano E, Contegiacomo A, Del Prete S, Abbruzzese A, Martignetti A, et al. Low-dose recombinant IL-2 induces psychological changes: monitoring by Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Anticancer Res. 2002;22(2A):727-732.

Websites

Title of Website. Place of Publication: Publisher; [Date Updated; Date Accessed]. URL.

Example:

US Geological Survey. Washington (DC): US Department of the Interior; [updated 2022 Sep 28; accessed 2022 Dec 1]. http://www.usgs.gov.

Webpages

Author(s). Title of Website. Place of Publication: Publisher. Title of Webpage. Date. [Date Accessed]. URL.

Example:

Lavelle M. National Geographic Magazine. Washington (DC): National Geographic Society. Could dinosaurs swim? A new fossil revives an old-age debate. 2022 Nov 30. [accessed 2022 Dec 1]. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/swimming-dinosaur-new-fossil-natovenator.